Movement epenthesis: Addition of movement between last segment of S1 and first segment of S2 Hold reduction: Last hold of S1 and first hold of S2 are shortened Metathesis: Sign parts change places without change of meaning Assimilation: Sign parameter takes on a characteristic of the sign just before or after it Weak hand deletion: Passive hand is dropped in two handed signs Phonology: study of the smallest contrastive part/the study of sound systems